Struggling for Islamic Caliphate in a Changing Malay Society
Abstract
Despite being banned by the government, HTI continues to struggle for Islamic caliphate as a clandestine movement. This study is aimed to explain factors resulting in the relatively successful penetration of caliphate ideology in a changing Malay society, as represented by Bangka Belitung Archipelagic Province. It employed a qualitative approach through the library study of both offline and online data sources in order to gain a holistic comprehension of HTI’s success. The research results elaborate HTI’s mobilization strategies as the internal factor and the context of changing Malay society and the dysfunction of moderate socio-religious organizations as the external factor contribute to HTI’s success in the changing society. Mobilization strategies comprising the intensive implementation of religious learning and preaching, publication, public demonstration, good relation and network with local important figures, and the competent use of communication and information technology become effective in the context of changing Malay society reconstructing identity and seeking solutions to its social and economic problems. In addition, the dysfunction of moderate socio-religious organizations producing a theological vacuum accentuates HTI’s relative victory. Thus, the performance of HTI depends on its internal capabilities and external context and the function of socio-religious organizations in society.
Keywords:
Hizbut tahrir Indonesia, caliphate, Malay society Bangka Belitung
References
References
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Ellen, Roy F. “Social Theory, Ethnography, and the Understanding of Practical Islam in Southeast Asia.” In Islam in Southeast Asia. Edited by M.B. Hooker. Leiden: EJ. Brill, 1983: 50-91.
Fealy, Greg. “Hizbut Tahrir in Indonesia: Seeking a ‘Total’ Islamic Identity.” In Islam and Political Violence: Muslim Diaspora and Radicalism in the West. Edited by Shahram Akbarzadeh and Fethi Mansouri. London and New York: IB. Tauris, 2007: 151-164.
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Hanif, Noman. “Hizb ut Tahrir: Islam’s Ideological Vanguard,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 39, no 2 (2012): 201-225.
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--------. “The Rise of Political Islam in Kazakhstan: Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 13 (2007): 297-322.
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Munabari, Fahleza. Mendamaikan Syariah dan NKRI: Strategi Mobilisasi dan Retorika Gerakan Islam Revivalis Forum Umat Islam (FUI). Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2019.
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--------. “Transnational Networks of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia.” Southeast Asia Research 18, no 4 (2010): 735-755.
--------. “Hizbut Tahrir Malaysia: The Emergence of a New Transnational Movement in Malaysia.” al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 47, no 1 (2009): 91-110.
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Pankhurst, Reza. Hib-ut-Tahrir: The Untold History of the Liberation Party. London: Hurst and Company, 2016.
Putra, DI. Ansusa. “Recognizing an Islamic Hero: The Qur’an Hadith’s Vision of Muhammad al-Fatih in Indonesian Comics.” Ulumuna: Journal of Islamic Studies 26, no 1 (2022): 119-144.
Rijal, Syamsul. “The Origins of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia: Global and Local Interactions.” Islamic Studies Review 1, no 1 (2022): 110-127.
Sulaiman, Rusydi, Amrullah, Anwar, Muhammad Rofiq, and Kusniati, Endang. Varian dan Organisasi Keagamaan: Kajian Teoretis dan Fakta Empiris di Bangka Belitung. Bangka: Madania Press, 2019.
Suparta. “Persepsi Ulama Bangka Belitung tentang Teori Khilafah dan Implikasinya terhadap Ukhuwah Islamiyah dan Ukhuwah Basyariyah dalam Keutuhan NKRI di Bangka Belitung.” Akademika 23, no 2 (2018): 367-386.
https://tni.mil.id/view-92308-danrem-045gaya-ajak-hizbut-tahrir-indonesia-jaga-stabilitas-wilayah-babel.html accessed 29 October 2023.
Taji-Farouki, Suha. A Fundamental Quest: Hib al-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamic Caliphate. London: Grey Seal, 1996.
https://www.ubb.ac.id/?page=Sejarah_UBB accessed 14 November 2023.
Ward, Ken. “Non-Violent Extremists? Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 63, no 2 (2009): 149-164.
Weng, Hew Wai. “The Art of Dakwah: Social Media, Visual Persuasion, and the Islamist Propagation of Felix Siauw.” Indonesia and the Malay World 46, no 134 (2018): 61-79.
Wiktorowicz, Quintan 2004. “Introduction: Islamic Activism and Social Movements.” In Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Edited by Quintan Wiktorowicz. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 1-33.
Yilmas, Ihsan. “The Varied Performance of Hizb ut-Tahrir: Success in Britain and Uzbekistan and Stalemate in Egypt and Turkey.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 30, no 4 (2010): 501-517.
Zulkifli. Kontinuitas Islam Tradisional di Bangka. Sungailiat: Shiddiq Press, 2007.
--------. “Al-Islam al-Mu’tadil wa Thaqafat Bangka Belitung: Al-Manzurat al-Antrubulujiyya.” Studia Islamika: Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies 17, no 3 (2010): 537-563.
Ahnaf, Mohammad Iqbal. “Between Revolution and Reform: The Future of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia,” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 2, no 2 (2009): 69-85.
--------. “Hizb al-Tahrir: Its Ideology and Theory for Collective Radicalization.” In Expressions of Radicalization: Global Politics, Processes, and Practice. Edited by Kristian Steiner and Andreas Onnerfors. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017: 295-320.
Burhani, Ahmad Najib. “Pluralism, Liberalism, and Islamism: Religious Outlook of Muhammadiyah,” Studia Islamika: Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies 25, no 3 (2018): 433-470.
--------. “Resisting Conservatism: Muhammadiyah’s Experience through its Social Activities.” In Rising Islamic Conservatism in Indonesia: Islamic Groups and Identity Politics. Edited by Leonard C. Sebastian, Syafiq Hasyim, and AR. Arifianto. London and New York: Routledge, 2021: 80-94.
Bush, Robin. “Religious Politics and Minority Rights during the Yudhoyono Presidency.” In The Yudhoyono Presidency: Indonesia’s Decade of Stability and Stagnation. Edited by Edward Aspinall, Marcus Mietzner, and Dick Tomsa. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, 2015: 239–257.
Ellen, Roy F. “Social Theory, Ethnography, and the Understanding of Practical Islam in Southeast Asia.” In Islam in Southeast Asia. Edited by M.B. Hooker. Leiden: EJ. Brill, 1983: 50-91.
Fealy, Greg. “Hizbut Tahrir in Indonesia: Seeking a ‘Total’ Islamic Identity.” In Islam and Political Violence: Muslim Diaspora and Radicalism in the West. Edited by Shahram Akbarzadeh and Fethi Mansouri. London and New York: IB. Tauris, 2007: 151-164.
https://www.bangkanews.id/detail-news.php?n=16169&kategori=serumpunsebalai&berita=HTI-Babel-Desak-Ahok-untuk-Ditangkap accessed 8 January 2021.
Hanafi, Y, Arifianti, ML, Saefi, M, Mahliatussikah, H, Anam FK, Hasan, HR, Hidayatullah, MF. “Sentiment Prevalence on Jihad, Caliphate, and Bid‘ah among Indonesian Students: Focusing Moderate-Radical Muslim Group Tension.” Cogent Social Science 8, no 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2054532.
Hanif, Noman. “Hizb ut Tahrir: Islam’s Ideological Vanguard,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 39, no 2 (2012): 201-225.
Heriansyah, Ayik. Mengenal HTI Melalui Rasa Hati. Jakarta: Pustaka Harakatuna, 2020.
Heriansyah, Ayik. “HUT ke-20: Radikalisme dan Terorisme Mengintai Provinsi Timah” https://www.harakatuna.com/hut-ke-20-radikalisme-dan-terorisme-mengintai-provinsi-timah.html accessed 8 January 2021.
https://republika.co.id/berita/19/ln1frh-harry-moekti-ajak-umat-islam-babel-jalankan-syariat-islam/ln1frh/harry-moekti-ajak-umat-islam-babel- accessed 8 January 2021.
Heriansyah, Rofii, Muhammad Syaroni, and Imdadun, Muhammad. “Relasi Sosial Hizbut Tahrir dan Militer di Indonesia.” Jurnal Pemikiran Sosiologi 9, no 1 (2022): 56-83.
Hilmy, Masdar. “The Rise and Fall of ‘Transnational’ Islam in Indonesia: The Future of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI).” In Rising Islamic Conservatism in Indonesia: Islamic Groups and Identity Politics. Edited by Leonard C. Sebastian, Syafiq Hasyim, and AR. Arifianto. London and New York: Routledge, 2021: 133-144.
Iqbal, Asep Muhammad and Zulkifli. “Islamic Fundamentalism, Nation-State, and Global Citizenship: The Case of Hizb ut-Tahrir.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 6, no 1 (2016): 35-61.
Ishak, Hikmat. Kepulauan Bangka Belitung: Semangat dan Pesona Provinsi Timah dan Lada. Sungailiat: Kantor Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bangka, 2002.
https://lensabangkabelitung.com/2020/10/pwnu-babel-menduga-ada-upaya-terstruktur-untuk-menumbuhkan-ideologi-hti/ accessed 29 October 2023.
https://mediaindonesia.com/nusantara/349831/nyaris-buku-hti-jadi-bacaan-wajib-di-bangka-belitung accessed 31 October 2023.
Karagiannis, Emmanuel. “Political Islam and Social Movement Theory: The Case of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Kyrgyzstan.” Religion, State, and Society 33, no 2 (2005): 137-150.
--------. “Political Islam in Uzbekistan: Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami.” Europa-Asia Studies 58, no 2 (2006): 261-280.
--------. “The Rise of Political Islam in Kazakhstan: Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 13 (2007): 297-322.
--------. and Clark McCauley. “Hizb ut-Tahir al-Islami: Evaluating the Threat Posed by A Radical Islamic Group that Remains Non-Violent.” Terrorism and Political Violence 18 (2006): 315-334.
Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. “The Quest for Hizbut Tahrir in Indonesia.” Asian Journal of Social Science 37, no 4 (2009): 623-645.
Munabari, Fahleza. Mendamaikan Syariah dan NKRI: Strategi Mobilisasi dan Retorika Gerakan Islam Revivalis Forum Umat Islam (FUI). Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2019.
Al-Nabhani, Taqiyuddin. Concepts of Hizb ut-Tahrir (Mafahim Hizb ut-Tahrir). London: Khilafah Publications, n.d.
https://nasional.tempo.co/read/743223/ini-kronologi-pengusiran-jemaat-ahmadiyah-di-bangka accessed 30 October 2023.
https://nasional.tempo.co/read/866390/nu-bangka-belitung-ada-kebohongan-dibalik-kegiatan-mapara-hti accessed 31 October 2023.
Nuraini, Sejarah Terbentuknya Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, (Tanjungpinang: Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Departemen Pendidikan dan Pariwisata, 2007).
Orofino, Elisa. Hizb ut-Tahrir and the Caliphate: Why the Group is still Appealing to Muslims in the West. London and New York: Routledge, 2020.
--------. “Intellectual Radicals Challenging the State: The Case of Hizb ut-Tahrir in the West.” Contemporary Social Science 10, no 4 (2015): 401-422.
Osman, Mohamed Nawab Mohamed. “Reviving the Caliphate in the Nusantara: Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia’s Mobilization Strategy and Its Impact in Indonesia.” Terrorism and Political Violence 22, no 4 (2010): 601-622.
--------. “Transnational Networks of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia.” Southeast Asia Research 18, no 4 (2010): 735-755.
--------. “Hizbut Tahrir Malaysia: The Emergence of a New Transnational Movement in Malaysia.” al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 47, no 1 (2009): 91-110.
--------. Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia and Political Islam: Identity, Ideology, and Political Mobilization. New York: Routledge, 2018.
Pankhurst, Reza. Hib-ut-Tahrir: The Untold History of the Liberation Party. London: Hurst and Company, 2016.
Putra, DI. Ansusa. “Recognizing an Islamic Hero: The Qur’an Hadith’s Vision of Muhammad al-Fatih in Indonesian Comics.” Ulumuna: Journal of Islamic Studies 26, no 1 (2022): 119-144.
Rijal, Syamsul. “The Origins of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia: Global and Local Interactions.” Islamic Studies Review 1, no 1 (2022): 110-127.
Sulaiman, Rusydi, Amrullah, Anwar, Muhammad Rofiq, and Kusniati, Endang. Varian dan Organisasi Keagamaan: Kajian Teoretis dan Fakta Empiris di Bangka Belitung. Bangka: Madania Press, 2019.
Suparta. “Persepsi Ulama Bangka Belitung tentang Teori Khilafah dan Implikasinya terhadap Ukhuwah Islamiyah dan Ukhuwah Basyariyah dalam Keutuhan NKRI di Bangka Belitung.” Akademika 23, no 2 (2018): 367-386.
https://tni.mil.id/view-92308-danrem-045gaya-ajak-hizbut-tahrir-indonesia-jaga-stabilitas-wilayah-babel.html accessed 29 October 2023.
Taji-Farouki, Suha. A Fundamental Quest: Hib al-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamic Caliphate. London: Grey Seal, 1996.
https://www.ubb.ac.id/?page=Sejarah_UBB accessed 14 November 2023.
Ward, Ken. “Non-Violent Extremists? Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 63, no 2 (2009): 149-164.
Weng, Hew Wai. “The Art of Dakwah: Social Media, Visual Persuasion, and the Islamist Propagation of Felix Siauw.” Indonesia and the Malay World 46, no 134 (2018): 61-79.
Wiktorowicz, Quintan 2004. “Introduction: Islamic Activism and Social Movements.” In Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Edited by Quintan Wiktorowicz. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 1-33.
Yilmas, Ihsan. “The Varied Performance of Hizb ut-Tahrir: Success in Britain and Uzbekistan and Stalemate in Egypt and Turkey.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 30, no 4 (2010): 501-517.
Zulkifli. Kontinuitas Islam Tradisional di Bangka. Sungailiat: Shiddiq Press, 2007.
--------. “Al-Islam al-Mu’tadil wa Thaqafat Bangka Belitung: Al-Manzurat al-Antrubulujiyya.” Studia Islamika: Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies 17, no 3 (2010): 537-563.
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Published
2024-09-03
How to Cite
Zulkifli, Z. (2024). Struggling for Islamic Caliphate in a Changing Malay Society. Ulumuna, 28(1), 224-256. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v28i1.794
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