Teologi Rasional: Telaah atas Pemikiran Kalam Muhammad Abduh
Abstract
The main factor that brings Muslims backwardness is resistance to change which so called in Arabic term as jumûd, means frozen state. When Muslims were trapped under such conditions a prominent reformer, Muhammad Abduh, came to reform Islamic thoughts of the divine. This paper attempt to examine his thought about God that made him popularly known as rational theologians and neo-Mu'tazilite. The style of Abduh’s rationalism is indicated in his very high appreciate to intellect. Intellect in Abduh’s view is not only able to know four things (God, obligations to God, good and bad, and the obligation to do good and avoid bad deeds) as in the Mu'tazilite theology, but also capable of knowing the existence of life-happiness and misery in the Hereafter, and making the laws. He even stated that intellect is also able to know the nature of God’s characters, though not all of them.
Keywords:
Jumud, Taklîd, Bid’ah, Kemunduran, Muhammad Abduh, Teologi Rasional, Kemajuan
References
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Hasan Mahmud Abd al-Latif al-Syafi’iy, Fî Fikrinâ al-Hadiś wa al-Mu’âshir, (Kairo: Tp, 1990).
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Muhammad Husain Haikal, Mudzakkirât fî al-Siyâsah al-Mishriyah, I (Kairo: Dâr al-Ma’ârif, 1953).
Muhammad Husein, Al-Ittijâhat al-Wathaniyyah fî al-Adab al-Mu’âshir, I (Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risâlah, 1980).
Muhammad Rasyid Ridla, Tafsîr Al-Qur’ân Al-Karîm, Jilid IV (Kairo : Dar al-Manar, tt).
Muhammad Rasyid Ridla, Târîkh al-Ustâd al-Imâm al-Syekh Muhammad Abduh, I, III (Kairo: al-Manar, 1931).
Munawir Sjadzali, Ijtihad Kemanusiaan (Jakarta: Paramadina, 1997)
Nelja Izzeddin, The Arab World: Past, Present, and Future (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1953).
Noeng Muhajir, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (Yogyakarta: Rake Sarasin, 2000).
Sulaiman Dunya (ed.), Syaikh Muhammad Abduh Baina al-Falasifah wa al-Kalamiyîn, (Kairo: Isa al-Babil al-Halabi, 1958).
Syahrir Harahap, Al-Qur’an dan Sekularisasi: Kajian Kritis Terhadap Pemikiran Thaha Husein (Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana Yogya, 1994).
Thaha Husain, Mustaqbal al-Saqâfah fî Mishr, (Kairo: Mathaba’ah al-Ma’ârif, 1973).
Thahir al-Tanahi (ed.), Muzakkirât al-Imam Muhammad Abduh (Kairo: Dar al-Hilal, tt.).
Abd al-Malik al-Juwainiy, Luma’ al-Adillah (Kairo: Mustfha al-bab al-Halabiy, 1965).
Abd al-Muta’âl al-Jabartiy, Limâdzâ Uqtila al-Imâm al-Sayyid al-Bannâ (Kairo: Dâr al-I’tishâm, 1978).
Abdullah Mahmud Syahatah, Manhaj Al-Imam Muhammad Abduh fi Tafsir Al-Qur’an Al-Karim (Ttp : tp, tt).
Abu Hasan ibn Ismail al-Asy’ari, Kitâb al-Ibânah ‘an Ushûl al-Diyânah (Haidar Abad: Dar al-Kutub, tt.).
Abu Hasan ibn Ismail al-Asy’ari, Kitâb al-Luma’ (Haidar Abad: Dar al-Kutub, tt.).
Ahmad Mahmud Subhi, Fî Ilm a-Kalâm (Kairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Jami’ah, 1969).
Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798-1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962).
Ali Abd. al-Raziq, “Al-Duktûr Muhammad Husain Haikal,” dalam Al-Duktûr Muhammad Husain Haikal, ed. Luthfi al-Sayyid (Kairo: Mathba’ah Mishr Syarîkah Musâhamah Mishriyyah, 1958).
Ali Musthafa al-Gurabiy, Târîkh al-Firaq al-Islâmiyah (Kairo: Dar al-Manar, 1958).
Anton Bakker, Metodologi Penelitian Filsafat (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1990).
Awâtif Abd. al-Rahman, Mishr wa Falasthîn, (Kairo: Dâr al-‘Arabiy, 1989).
Azyumardi Azra, “Pesantren: Kontinuitas dan Perubahan”, dalam Bilik-bilik Pesantren: Sebuah Potret Perjuangan, ed. Nurcholis Madjid (Jakarta: Paramadina, 1997).
Charles Michael Stanton, Pendidikan Tinggi dalam Islam: Sejarah dan Peranannya dalam Kemajuan Ilmu Pengetahuan, terj. Afandi dan Hasan Asari (Jakarta: Logos Publishing House, 1994).
Dawam Rahardjo, “Mengkaji Ulang Muhammadiyah sebagai Organisasi Islam Berorientasi Pembaruan” http://mdi-almuhajirinbpi.blogspot.com/2010 /06.
Don Peretz, The Middle East Today (New York: Praeger, 1983).
Edward Mortimer, Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam (New York: Random House, 1982).
Firdaus, Syaikh Muhammad Abduh dan Perjuangannya, dalam Muhammad Abduh, Risalah Tauhid, terj. Firdaus (Jakarta : Bulan Bintang, 1975).
Haedar Nashir, “Muhammadiyah dan Matarantai Pembaruan Islam” http:// bataviase.co.id/ node/281604.
Harun Nasution, Muhammad Abduh dan Teologi Rasional Mu’tazilah (Jakarta: UI-Press, 1987).
Harun Nasution, Pembaharuan Dalam Islam: Sejarah Pemikiran dan Gerakan (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1991).
Harun Nasution, Teologi Islam Aliran Aliran Sejarah Analisa Perbandingan (Jakarta: UI-Press, 1986).
Hasan Mahmud Abd al-Latif al-Syafi’iy, Fî Fikrinâ al-Hadiś wa al-Mu’âshir, (Kairo: Tp, 1990).
Ibrahim M. Abu Rabi’, Islam Liberalisme in the Muslim Middle East Viable, dalam Hamdard Islamicus, vol. XII, No. 4 (1989).
Imam Suprayogo dan Tobroni, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial-Keagamaan (Bandung: Rosda, 2003).
Jacob M. Landau, Man, State, and Society in the Contemporary Middle East (New York: Preager, 1972).
James Jankowski, “Ottomanism and Arabism in Egypt” The Muslim World, 70, (April 1980).
M.Q. al-Baqliy (Ed.), Al-Mukhtâr min Târîkh al-Jabartiy (Kairo: Maktabah al-Sya’b, 1958).
Marcos Pasya Samikah, Syuhûd al-‘Ashr, (Kairo: Al-Ahrâm, 1920)
Moh. Nazir, Motode Penelitian (Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1988)
Muhamma Abduh dan Jamaluddin al-Afghani, “al-Qadla wa al-Qadar fi al-Islam,” al-Urwah al-Wusqâ, 5 (Rajab, 1301).
Muhammad Fuad Abd al-Baqi, al-Mu’jam al-Mufahras li Alfâzh al-Qur’ân (Mesir: Dar al-Kutub, 1945).
Muhammad Abduh, al-Islam wa al-Nashraniyah ma’a al-ilm wa al-Madaniyah (Kairo: Dar al-Mannaar, 1373 H).
Muhammad Abduh, Risâlah al-Tauhîd (Ttp.: Dar al-Hilal, tt.).
Muhammad Husain Haikal, Mudzakkirât fî al-Siyâsah al-Mishriyah, I (Kairo: Dâr al-Ma’ârif, 1953).
Muhammad Husein, Al-Ittijâhat al-Wathaniyyah fî al-Adab al-Mu’âshir, I (Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risâlah, 1980).
Muhammad Rasyid Ridla, Tafsîr Al-Qur’ân Al-Karîm, Jilid IV (Kairo : Dar al-Manar, tt).
Muhammad Rasyid Ridla, Târîkh al-Ustâd al-Imâm al-Syekh Muhammad Abduh, I, III (Kairo: al-Manar, 1931).
Munawir Sjadzali, Ijtihad Kemanusiaan (Jakarta: Paramadina, 1997)
Nelja Izzeddin, The Arab World: Past, Present, and Future (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1953).
Noeng Muhajir, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (Yogyakarta: Rake Sarasin, 2000).
Sulaiman Dunya (ed.), Syaikh Muhammad Abduh Baina al-Falasifah wa al-Kalamiyîn, (Kairo: Isa al-Babil al-Halabi, 1958).
Syahrir Harahap, Al-Qur’an dan Sekularisasi: Kajian Kritis Terhadap Pemikiran Thaha Husein (Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana Yogya, 1994).
Thaha Husain, Mustaqbal al-Saqâfah fî Mishr, (Kairo: Mathaba’ah al-Ma’ârif, 1973).
Thahir al-Tanahi (ed.), Muzakkirât al-Imam Muhammad Abduh (Kairo: Dar al-Hilal, tt.).
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Published
2009-12-31
How to Cite
Makrum, M. (2009). Teologi Rasional: Telaah atas Pemikiran Kalam Muhammad Abduh. Ulumuna, 13(2), 277-304. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v13i2.362
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