Rethinking Religious Moderation and Anthropocentrism: Understanding Islamic Ecofeminism and Environmental Violence in The Case of the Lapindo Disaster

Amanah Nurish; Halil Ibrahim Yenigun; Lukman S. Thahir

doi:10.20414/ujis.v29i1.1109

Amanah Nurish Universitas Indonesia
Halil Ibrahim Yenigun Stanford University, California
Lukman S. Thahir Universitas Islam Negeri Datokrama, Palu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v29i1.1109

Keywords: Lapindo Disaster, Religious Moderation, Anthropocentrism, Muslim Community

Abstract

This paper investigates the Lapindo disaster in East Java that affected religious and social changes over the past two decades. Tens of thousands affected community living in the periphery of urban areas have coped with land disputes. However, religion plays an important role in fostering resilient communities. Instead of medical clinics or hospitals, new worship buildings increased in the Lapindo area. This study demonstrates that the Lapindo case is an example of environmental violence by examining critical analysis on anthropocentrism. Anthropocentrism is derived from scripture, describing humans as the most superior beings. Ecofeminism theory of Islamic perspective is critical instrument to analyze environmental violence. In addition, this research includes the concept of religious moderation that denies environmental perspectives. Given the complex issues of environmental issues in the Indonesian context, religious moderation is merely viewed as a matter of interfaith dialogue on tolerance project, yet ignoring environmental trajectory as part of religious moderation campaign. However, it has rarely been viewed as a bridge to solving social problems, such as environmental crises. The research fingding shows the rise of economic-based social crime, gender-based violence, women and children traficking, as well as poverty.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Asnawati, A. “15 Tahun Lumpur Lapindo: Darat, Air Dan Udara Sekitar Tercemar.” Mongabay, 2021. https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/06/01/15-tahun-lumpur-lapindo-darat-air-dan-udara-sekitar-tercemar/.

Bappeda. “Data Dinamis Kabupaten Sidoarjo.” 2019.

Bourdieu, Pierre. The Field of Cultural Production. Columbia University Press, 1993.

BPS. “Kabupaten Sidoarjo Dalam Angka 2005.” 2005.

BPS. “Kecamatan Porong Dalam Angka 2021.” 2021.

BPS. “Sidoarjo Dalam Angka 2007.” 2007.

Chapman, Audrey. “Science, Religion, and Environment.” In Consumption, Population, and Sustainability. Island Press, 2000.

Chittick, William C. “The Anthropocosmic Vision in Islamic Thought.” In God, Life, and the Cosmos: Christian and Islamic Perspectives. Ashgate Publishing, 2017.

Denny, Frederick M. “Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust Inviting Balanced Stewardship.” Earth Ethics 10, no. 1 (1998).

Diehm, Christian. “Darwin and Deep Ecology.” Ethics and the Environment 19, no. 1 (2014): 73–93.

Feener, R. Michael, and Patrick Daly. “Religion and Reconstruction in the Wake of Disaster.” Asian Ethnology 75, no. 1 (2016): 191–202.

Geertz, Clifford. Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia. University of California Press, 2003.

Ghozaliq, Ghozaliq. “Bagaimana Kondisi Lumpur Lapindo Saat Ini? Apakah Sudah Berhenti?”.” Blog. Ghozaliq.Com, 2023. https://ghozaliq.com/bagaimana-kondisi-lumpur-lapindo-saat-ini/#:~:text=Kondisi Terkini Lumpur Lapindo,lahan pertanian%2C dan infrastruktur penting.

Gordon, Daniel. “The Lost World of Adam and Eve: Genesis 2-3 and the Human Origins Debate.” Theology and Science 19, no. 3 (n.d.): 2021.

Hoffman, Andrew J., and Lloyd E. Sandelands. “Getting Right with Nature: Anthropocentrism, Ecocentrism, and Theocentrism.” Organization and Environment 18, no. 2 (2005): 141–62.

Jenkins, Willis. “After Lynn White: Religious Ethics and Environmental Problems.” Journal of Religious Ethics, 2009.

Kellenberg, Derek, and A. Mushfiq Mobarak. “The Economics of Natural Disasters.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 3 (2011): 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-073009-104211.

Kirk, Gwyn. “Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice: Bridges across Gender, Race, and Class.” Frontiers: A Joruanl of Women Studies 18, no. 2 (1997): 2–20.

Kompas. “Penentu Kategori Bencana Lapindo Pengadilan.” Kompas.Com, 2008. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2008/02/18/18424470/penentu.kategori.bencana.lapindo.pengadilan.

Liputan6. “Korban Lumpur Lapindo Dipaksa Menjadi Pelacur.” Liputan6, 2007. https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/147449/korban-lumpur-lapindo-dipaksa-menjadi-pelacur.

Mallory, Mallory. “Val Plumwood and Ecofeminist Political Solidarity: Standing with the Natural Other.” Ethics and Environment, 2009.

Mardiani, Fitri, and Mohamad Zaenal Arifin Anis. “Ecofeminism and Aisyiyah’s Role for the Environment in Banjarmasin City.” Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences Education (ICSSE 2020), ICSSE 2020, 2021, 300–307.

McGrath, Matt, and Mark Poynting. “Deforestasi Melonjak Pada 2022, Indonesia Disebut Berhasil Menurunkan Pengurangan Hutan Primer.” BBC News, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-66034123.

Moore, Bryan L. Ecological Literature and the Critique of Anthropocentrism. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.

Moulton, Sunday M. “How to Remember.” Society for Applied Anthropology 74, no. 4 (2015): 319–28.

Naess, Arne. “Culture and Environment.” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 20, no. 1 (1994): 143–49.

Naess, Arne. “Industrial Society, Postmodernity and Ecological Sustainability.” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 21, no. 1 (1995): 130–46.

Naess, Arne. “The Place of Joy in a World of Fact.” The North American Review 258, no. 2 (1973): 53057.

Nolt, John. “Anthropcentrism and Egoism.” Environmental Values 22, no. 4 (2013): 441–59.

NU Online. “37 Tokoh Agama Keluarkan Fatwa Lumpur Lapindo.” NU Online, 2007. https://nu.or.id/warta/37-tokoh-agama-keluarkan-fatwa-lumpur-lapindo-9F91C.

Nurish, Amanah. Agama Jawa: Setengah Abad Pasca-Clifford Geertz. LKiS, 2019.

Nurish, Amanah. “Santri Dan Abangan After A Half Century of Clifford Geertz.” Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura, 2021.

Nurish, Amanah. “When Abangan Embraces Sufism: Religious Phenomenology to Counter Radicalism in Contemporary Java.” Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam 11, no. 1 (2021): 20–45.

Pohl, Christine. Lapindo Brantas and the Mud Vulcano, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. FOE Europe, 2007. http://www.foeeurope.org/publications/2007/LB_mud_volcano_Indonesia.pdf.

Priyambodo, Utomo. “Studi Terbaru: Lumpur Lapindo Sumber Emisi Gas Metana Terbesar Di Bumi.” National Geographic, 2021. https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/132646416/studi-terbaru-lumpur-lapindo-sumber-emisi-gas-metana-terbesar-di-bumi?page=all.

Ramadan, Abdul Aziz Mahrizal. “Pengangguran Tertinggi Di Jawa Timur Ada Di Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Kok Bisa?” SuaraJatim.Id, 2021. https://jatim.suara.com/read/2021/06/05/060736/pengangguran-tertinggi-di-jawa-timur-ada-di-kabupaten-sidoarjo-kok-bisa.

Ries, Nancy. “Anthropology and the Everyday, from Comfort to Terror.” New Literacy History 33, no. 4 (2002): 725–42.

Roberts, Richard H. “Religion and Economic Life.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Second Edition. 2015.

Samsundari, Sri, and Ima Yudha Perwira. “Sekitar Luapan Lumpur Sidoarjo Terhadap Kualitas Air Dan Budidaya Perikanan.” Jurnal Gamma, 2011.

Saputra, Laksana Agung. “15 Tahun Lumpur Lapindo, Lumpur Panas, Bencana Atau Kelalaian.” Kompas.Com, 2021. https://www.kompas.id/baca/arsip/2021/05/29/15-tahun-lumpur-lapindo-lumpur-panas-bencana-atau-kelalaian/.

Schwartz, Daniel M. “Environmental Terrorism: Analyzing the Concept.” Journal of Peace Research 35, no. 4 (1998): 483–96.

Sessions, George S. “Anthropocentrism and the Environmental Crisis.” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 2, no. 1 (1974): 71–81.

Suhartini, Suhartini. “Religiusitas Masyarakat Korban Lapindo.” Jurnal Dakwah Dan Ilmu Sosial 1, no. 1 (2010): 50–65.

Sulistyati, Mardian. “Locality, Equality, and Piety: Pesantren Ecofeminism Movement in Indonesia.” Studia Islamika 30, no. 2 (2023): 319–248.

Sunnah TV. “Ketika Ust. Khalid Melewati Lokasi Lumpur Lapindo. Ust. Dr. Khalid Basalamah, MA.” Youtube Channel. Sunnah TV, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrthEMzQ0z8.

Supriyanto, Supriyanto. “Warga Miskin Kecamatan Porong Sidoarjo Peroleh Paket Sembako.” Harian Bhirawa, 2020. https://www.harianbhirawa.co.id/warga-miskin-kecamatan-porong-sidoarjo-peroleh-1-200-paket-sembako/.

Tibi, Bassam. “The Worldview of Sunni Arab Fundamentalists: Attitudes Towards Modern Science and Technology.” JSTOR 28, no. 2 (1994).

TribunNews. “Korban Lumpur Lapindo Banyak Jadi PSK.” TribunNews.Com, 2010. https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2010/05/28/korban-lumpur-lapindo-banyak-jadi-psk.

UGM, SPS. “Fuad Faizi Raih Doktor Setelah Teliti Peran Agama Dalam Bencana Lumpur Lapindo.” Sekolah Pascasarjana UGM, 2016. https://www.pasca.ugm.ac.id/v3.0/news/id/265.

Velikhov, E.P., D.M. Gvishiani, and S.R. Mikulinskiĭ. Science, Technology, and the Future : Soviet Scientists Analysis of the Problems of and Prospects for the Development of Science and Technology and Their Role in Society. Pergamon Press, 1980.

Viktorahadi, R.F. Bhanu. “The Meaning of Religious Moderation According to Franz Magnis-Suseno: A Phenomenological Approach.” Jurnal Iman Dan Spiritualitas 2, no. 2 (2022): 177–86.

Walhi. “Peringatan 13 Tahun Lumpur Lapindo: Suara Perempuan Korban Lapindo.” Walhi Jatim, 2019. https://walhijatim.or.id/2019/05/peringatan-13-tahun-lumpur-lapindo-suara-perempuan-korban-lapindo-untuk-gubernur-jawa-timur-pulihkan-hidup-warga-tolak-pengeboran-baru-pt-lapindo-brantas/.

Washington, Haydn, Bron Taylor, Helen Kopnina, Paul Cryer, and John J. Piccolo. “Why Ecocentrism Is the Key Pathway to Sustainability.” Blog. Millennium Alliance for Humanity and the Biosphere, 2017. https://mahb.stanford.edu/blog/statement-ecocentrism/.

Yusuf, Muhammad, Nahdhiyah Nahdhiyah, and Anwar Sadat. “Fazlur Rahman’s Double Movement and Its Contribution to the Development of Religious Moderation.” International Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities (IJISH) 4, no. 1 (2021).